Rental CO Detector Laws: Landlord and Tenant Requirements by State

Alabama: Alabama's act names itself the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act and keeps the model numbering, with 35-9A-204 as the landlord's duty and 35-9A-401 as the noncompliance section. The interesting part is what Alabama did not adopt. Section 35-9A-403, the slot the model act uses for repair-and-deduct and the slot Arizona filled at 33-1363, reads "Reserved". The word "deduct" appears nowhere in Chapter 9A, against 178 occurrences of "landlord", so that absence is the legislature's choice rather than a gap in the reading. Alabama then closed the other self-help route as well, which is why two of the five columns below are denied and no cell in this row lets a tenant act without either leaving or suing. Five of the fifty-one deny a money remedy outright and Alabama is the only one that denies both: North Carolina, Texas and Wyoming refuse rent withholding alone, South Carolina refuses repair-and-deduct alone.

Alaska: Alaska's Chapter 34.03 is a URLTA adoption and keeps the model's shape, with the noncompliance section at 34.03.160 and the essential-services section at 34.03.180. The carbon monoxide duty sits outside the act entirely, in AS 18.70.095, and creates no tenant remedy, so all five columns come from the landlord-tenant chapter. One structural point governs the row: Alaska kept the model's counterclaim machinery and did not adopt a general repair-and-deduct, so a tenant here answers a defect by going to court rather than by spending money and arguing about it later. The cure clock and the termination date are also separate numbers in the same section, which is easy to conflate.

Arizona: The Arizona Residential Landlord and Tenant Act is a URLTA adoption and the numbering maps cleanly onto the model: 33-1324 is the landlord's duty to maintain, 33-1361 the noncompliance section, 33-1363 the repair-and-deduct section. That last mapping is worth holding next to Alabama, which adopted the identical architecture and left the equivalent slot reserved: Alabama's 35-9A-403 is the same numbering position and reads "Reserved", while Arizona filled it. Two states took the same model act and made opposite choices about whether a tenant may spend money on a repair and take it off the rent. Arizona has no CO-specific rental statute, so every column below comes from the act, and the cure period splits by severity rather than running on one clock.

Arkansas: Arkansas is the only state in the fifty-one where every cell is empty, and the emptiness is the finding rather than a gap in the reading. Arkansas recognises no implied warranty of habitability. The nearest thing it has is 18-17-502, added in 2021 and reaching lease agreements entered into or renewed after 1 November 2021, which sets six implied quality standards: hot and cold running water, electricity, potable drinking water, sanitary sewer and plumbing to code, a functioning roof and building envelope, and a functioning heating or air conditioning system where one previously served the unit. The list is closed and contains no alarm of any kind. The rest of the chapter does not fill the space either: 18-17-501 is a pointer to the security deposit statute, and nothing in the chapter imposes a general duty to comply with building or housing codes. So a carbon monoxide defect never enters the machinery, and the five answers below are not that Arkansas refuses these remedies but that its landlord-tenant act never reaches the question.

California: California's carbon monoxide duty sits in the Health and Safety Code, which reaches dwelling units with a fossil-fuel burning appliance, a fireplace or an attached garage. That act creates one tenant-facing mechanism, the notice duty in 17926.1, and no remedy beyond it, so the other four columns come from Civil Code 1941 through 1942.4. Two limits travel with those: the repair-and-deduct route is unavailable where the tenant caused the condition (Civ. Code 1942(c), referring to 1929 and 1941.2), and 17926.1 expressly excuses an owner who never received notice, which makes a written, dated report worth more in California than the general statute alone suggests.

Colorado: Colorado is not a URLTA state; its remedies live in the warranty of habitability at Article 12, Part 5, which the legislature rewrote in 2019 and which owes nothing to the model act's structure. The row turns on a seam between two statutes that were written separately. Article 45 gives the carbon monoxide duty and ties it to tenant notice, but attaches no deadline to it. The habitability machinery in Part 5 is where all the deadlines are, and the list of conditions that make a premises uninhabitable at 38-12-505 does not name carbon monoxide alarms. So the statute that mentions alarms has no clock, and the statute with the clocks does not mention alarms. A Colorado tenant with a dead alarm has a duty they can point to and no date they can count to.

Connecticut: Chapter 830 follows the model act's sequence, noncompliance at 47a-12 and then essential services at 47a-13, but it does not call itself uniform, does not carry the model's article-and-sequence numbering, and does not use its periods: the cure runs 15 days rather than 14 and the tenancy ends on that same day rather than 30 days out. Treat it as URLTA-influenced rather than a URLTA adoption. No Connecticut statute puts a carbon monoxide duty on a landlord as such, so every column comes from the chapter. The structural point for a reader is that Connecticut put its weight into a single tenant action at 47a-14h, heard in the housing session of the superior court, rather than into self-help.

Delaware: Delaware is not a URLTA adoption. Chapter 53 of Title 25 runs on its own architecture from 5301 to 5316, and the test the model act suggests comes back negative here: essential services sits at 5308 and fire and casualty at 5309, adjacent to each other with nothing between them, so the counterclaim section that occupies that slot in Alaska, Iowa, Kansas, Hawaii, Kentucky and Connecticut has no counterpart in Delaware. What Delaware offers instead is three separate self-help routes with three different clocks, which is why no single number describes this row. A caveat on currency, kept because it earned its keep. delcode.delaware.gov refuses automated requests and the newest archived capture returning content is from 21 June 2020, so the sections below were originally quoted from that capture. Every figure below was re-read against a current mirror of the Delaware Code on 2026-08-12 and is stated as that reading found it.

District of Columbia: The District splits its answers across two instruments and a doctrine, so the search_scope on each cell names which one applies. The carbon monoxide duty is regulatory, in the Property Maintenance Code at 12-G DCMR 310, and it is one of the few in this matrix written to respond to a tenant rather than to an inspector. The rent remedy is statutory, in the Tenant Receivership Act at D.C. Code 42-3651. Termination is neither: it descends from Javins v. First National Realty and lives as constructive eviction. One trap is worth naming so nobody re-finds it. The District does give tenants a right to install alarms at the owner's expense after 10 days and deduct the cost, and that right is written for smoke alarms under Property Maintenance Code 704.2. Section 310, the carbon monoxide section, grants the tenant nothing of the kind. Idaho sets the same trap from the other side, with an install-and-deduct that names smoke detectors only.

Florida: Florida's CO alarm requirement lives in the Building Code at 553.885, which carries no penalty and no tenant remedy and is checked at permitting rather than during a tenancy. Every column below therefore comes from Chapter 83, Part II, and reaches a CO alarm only through 83.51(1), the landlord's duty to comply with applicable building, housing and health codes. One seven-day clock does the work of both duration columns: the tenant's notice period and the landlord's cure window are the same seven days, not two periods in sequence.

Georgia: Georgia's carbon monoxide duty arrives through Section R315 of the International Residential Code as adopted in the state minimum standard codes, and that code creates no tenant remedy, so every row below has to come from Title 44 Chapter 7. Read what that chapter is before reading the rows. It is a chapter of landlord duties with a money penalty attached to retaliation, and it is not a chapter of tenant self-help. That leaves Georgia with four of the five columns below empty, more than any state in the fifty-one except Arkansas, whose row is empty in all five. The 2024 Safe at Home Act proves the point rather than breaking it. House Bill 404 was the largest tenant-side amendment Chapter 7 has had in a generation, and what Section 2 of it added at 44-7-13(b) is a deemed contract term: any agreement for the use or rental of real property as a dwelling place "is deemed to include a provision that the premises is fit for human habitation." It added no withholding, no deduction and no termination right. A Georgia tenant with a dead alarm argues breach of a term of the lease, not breach of a statute that hands them something to do about it. Two limits on that route sit in the Act itself and both matter here. Section 6 confines the whole Act to "residential lease agreements that are entered into or renewed on or after July 1, 2024", so a tenant still holding an older unrenewed lease does not have 44-7-13(b) at all. And Section 2 left the operative verb without a deadline. It substituted "shall" for "must" in 44-7-13(a), the landlord shall keep the premises in repair, and fixed no number of days, which is why the cure period below is a duty with a null day count rather than a period. The one place money changes hands is retaliation, and for a reported alarm it is the whole remedy. 44-7-24(b) protects a tenant who gave the landlord notice to repair or who complained in good faith to a government agency about a building or housing code violation, which is what reporting a dead carbon monoxide alarm to a code office is. 44-7-24(c) then bars the landlord for three months from filing a dispossessory, depriving the tenant of the use of the premises, decreasing services, raising the rent or terminating the lease in response, and 44-7-24(e) gives a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $500.00, court costs, attorney's fees where the conduct was willful, wanton or malicious, and declaratory relief, with retaliation also available as a defence to the dispossessory itself. 44-7-24(d) carves the ordinary cases back out, so a nonpayment eviction is untouched by any of it. The four none_found rows are negatives with a control behind them rather than an empty search. The same read of Chapter 7 returned three things a silent index would not have produced: a statutory day count at 44-7-50(c), three business days for a tenant to pay all past due rent, late fees, utilities and other charges or vacate before a dispossessory for nonpayment, added by Section 5 of the same Act; a criminal provision at 44-7-14.1 making it unlawful for a landlord knowingly and willfully to suspend utilities until a dispossessory is finally disposed of, with cooling added beside heat, light and water by Section 3; and a new security deposit ceiling of two months' rent at 44-7-30.1, created by Section 4. The chapter answers when it has something to say. On withholding, deduction and habitability termination it has nothing. Ohio is the contrast worth holding beside this, because the two states start in the same place and end in opposite ones. Both route carbon monoxide through a code that creates no remedy of its own. Ohio's general landlord-tenant statute then hands a tenant three named routes at ORC 5321.07(B) and takes all three away from two large classes, small landlords who give written notice and student tenants. Georgia hands none to anybody and answers the same problem by penalising the landlord who punishes the tenant for asking. Senate Bill 239 of the 2023-2024 session would have required carbon monoxide alarms in rental units and set a 15-day repair deadline. It died: its last action was "Senate Read and Referred" on 27 February 2023, that session has since adjourned sine die, and the Code carries no Section 44-7-25 for the bill to have created.

Hawaii: Hawaii's Residential Landlord-Tenant Code is a URLTA-family act that diverged more than most, and it produces the highest annual self-help total in the fifty-one. Where Iowa and Kansas kept the model's architecture and trimmed the tenant's options, Hawaii kept the options and raised the ceilings: 521-64 lets a tenant deduct the greater of $1,000 or one month's rent per job and go back for more, capped at three months' rent in any six-month period. No Hawaii statute imposes a carbon monoxide duty on a landlord as such, so all five columns come from chapter 521.

Idaho: Idaho has no landlord-tenant act. Its tenant remedy is a single litigation section, 6-320, filed in Title 6 among actions in particular cases, so the positional rule that locates a counterclaim in a URLTA state has nothing to work on here. The section lists six grounds for suing and gives two remedies, damages and specific performance, and one narrow self-help right. The common description of Idaho as a state allowing neither rent withholding nor repair-and-deduct is accurate about self-help for a carbon monoxide problem and misleading about everything else: 6-320 does supply a remedy, and where the tenant sues only for specific performance the court must set trial within twelve days of filing. No other remedy row in the fifty-one carries a statutory deadline for the hearing itself. Two limits govern the row. The section does not reach tracts of five acres or more used for agriculture, and the text here was read from an archived capture of the Legislature's site dated 26 November 2020, because legislature.idaho.gov does not answer automated requests. Confirm any figure against the current code before relying on it.

Illinois: Illinois has no statewide landlord-tenant act of the kind most of the fifty-one rely on. The Carbon Monoxide Alarm Detector Act puts installation on the owner and batteries on the tenant and backs it with criminal penalties only, so it creates no tenant remedy. Four of the five columns below therefore rest on one short statute, the Residential Tenants' Right to Repair Act, and the fifth on a 1972 Supreme Court decision. The remedies Illinois tenants actually use in the largest city, under the Chicago residential landlord and tenant ordinance, are municipal and are not recorded in the table above.

Indiana: Indiana is not a URLTA state, and its landlord-tenant chapter is among the thinnest in the country. The carbon monoxide obligation arrives through the residential code at permit-driven moments rather than through a rental statute, so it never reaches the tenant remedy chapter at all. That chapter, IC 32-31-8, gives the tenant one thing: the right to sue after notice. There is no self-help route of any kind, no escrow, no deduction, and no statutory number anywhere in this row. Three of the five cells are none_found not because the search fell short but because Indiana did not legislate the remedies most states take for granted.

Iowa: Chapter 562A calls itself the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Law and keeps the model map, with the landlord duty at 562A.15, noncompliance at 562A.21, essential services at 562A.23 and the defence at 562A.24. No Iowa statute puts a carbon monoxide duty on a landlord as such, so every column comes from that chapter. One thing about the chapter is worth knowing before using it: Iowa's repair-and-deduct is not in the tenant remedies part at all. It sits in 562A.27, the section about the landlord's own remedies for nonpayment, as a defence the tenant raises after the landlord sues. Reading the tenant sections alone produces the wrong answer, which is why the whole chapter was read here rather than the sections the index points at.

Kansas: The Kansas Residential Landlord and Tenant Act is a URLTA adoption, and what it left out is the story of this row. Its contiguous tenant-remedy run is 58-2559 for noncompliance, 58-2560 for failure to deliver possession and 58-2561 for the counterclaim, and none of the three creates a deduction. Kansas took neither of the model's self-help remedies: no repair-and-deduct, and no essential-services procurement of the kind Iowa keeps at 562A.23 and Alaska at 34.03.180. A Kansas tenant therefore has two moves, terminate or counterclaim, and no way to spend money and charge it back. No Kansas statute puts a carbon monoxide duty on a landlord as such, so every column comes from the act.

Kentucky: This row is not the law of Kentucky. KRS 383.500 authorises a city, county or urban-county government to adopt the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act as set out in KRS 383.505 to 383.705, and a jurisdiction that adopts takes it whole rather than in pieces. Because adoption happens by local ordinance, no statutory list of adopters exists or could exist. Kentucky is the only state in the fifty-one where the set of places its landlord-tenant act governs cannot be read off the statute at all. Tennessee also runs a partial act, but 66-28-102 names its counties by a population test, so a Tennessee reader can at least look the answer up. The list compiled from secondary sources, consistent across several of them, is four counties, Jefferson, Fayette, Oldham and Pulaski, and fifteen cities: Barbourville, Bellevue, Bromley, Covington, Dayton, Florence, Georgetown, Ludlow, Melbourne, Newport, Shelbyville, Silver Grove, Southgate, Taylor Mill and Woodlawn, many of them clustered in Kenton and Campbell counties. That list is secondary and should be treated as a starting point: the authoritative check is whether the reader's own city or county passed the ordinance. Outside the adopting jurisdictions none of the five values below applies, and the lease and common law govern instead. The sections here were read from the act as published by the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Human Rights Commission, which is the text as adopted in one of those jurisdictions.

Louisiana: Louisiana is the one civil-law jurisdiction in this matrix and the only state whose answers come from a code of general obligations rather than a landlord-tenant act. There is no URLTA here and no chapter of tenant remedies to read: the lease is a nominate contract in the Civil Code, and the tenant's rights sit in the lease articles at 2668 and following, which apply to a rented apartment and a rented tractor alike. Two consequences follow for this row. Every column below turns on general contract concepts, demand and reasonable time and substantial impairment, rather than on statutory day counts, so Louisiana records no number in either duration column. And the remedies are unusually strong where they exist, because a code of obligations does not think in the capped, procedural terms a landlord-tenant statute uses.

Maine: Maine is not a URLTA state. Chapter 710 of Title 14 is its own scheme, and its section list gives away how it grew: alongside the habitability warranty sit standalone sections on bedbugs, radon, lead, energy efficiency disclosure and assistance animals, each added as its own answer to its own problem. The carbon monoxide statute grew the same way, and it carries a right no other state in the fifty-one gives: under 25 M.R.S. 2468(3) an occupant who is deaf or hard of hearing may ask the owner for a suitable detector, and where the owner does not supply one the occupant may buy, install and maintain it, deduct the cost from the rent, and is protected by name from retaliation, eviction or penalty for doing so. Five other records write an accommodation for a deaf or hard-of-hearing occupant into their carbon monoxide rules, in Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, New Jersey and Cleveland, Ohio. Maine is the only one that says what happens when the owner refuses. That shape decides the termination column below. One condition governs the whole row: under 6021(3)(E) a tenant filing the habitability complaint must have been current in rent when the written notice was given, so Maine sits with Texas and Washington among the states where stopping payment to force a repair costs the tenant the remedy. Sections here were read from the Legislature's own chapter PDF, with the extraction controlled at 216 occurrences of "landlord".

Maryland: Maryland is not a URLTA state, and its remedies sit in one section, Real Property 8-211, which the state calls rent escrow and which does the work that four or five separate sections do in a URLTA act. The alarm duty lives elsewhere, in Public Safety 12-1101 and the sections after it, and it reaches every rental dwelling unit since 1 April 2018 without asking what the unit burns. Section 12-1102 applies the subtitle to two things: a newly constructed dwelling that relies on fossil-fuel combustion and holds a building permit issued on or after 1 January 2008, and, separately and with no condition attached, "a hotel, a lodging or rooming house, or a rental dwelling unit". Getting from that duty into 8-211 takes one step a reader should know about: the section's list of qualifying defects does not name carbon monoxide, so a dead alarm arrives through the catch-all for any condition presenting a health or fire hazard rather than as a listed item.

Massachusetts: Nicole's Law and the State Sanitary Code put the alarm duty on the owner and neither creates a tenant remedy, so all five columns come from general law. Massachusetts then differs from every other state in the fifty-one in one structural way: its strongest remedy is gated on an official certification rather than on the tenant's own letter. Missouri asks for a municipal certification too, but only where the landlord disputes the repair in writing. Here it is the default. The repair-and-deduct clocks in c.111 127L run from a board of health or code enforcement certification and written notice to the owner, which means the practical first step for a Massachusetts tenant is to call the board of health, not to write to the landlord. The trade for that extra step is the highest ceiling any capping state puts on a single repair, four months' rent, against California's one and Illinois's $500. Two things a reader should have beside that: five states cap nothing at all, and Hawaii allows more across a year, three months' rent every six months against the four months Massachusetts allows every twelve.

Michigan: The Overbeck Law is tied to construction and renovation triggers rather than to tenancies and creates no tenant remedy, so all five columns come from MCL 554.139 and the Housing Law of Michigan. Two things set this row apart. Both usable routes run through someone other than the tenant: the escrow is opened by the enforcement agency and the repair-and-deduct is authorised by a court, so Michigan has no self-help remedy at all. And 554.139 carries a limit no other state in the fifty-one has: subsection (2) lets the parties modify the fitness and repair obligations where the lease has a current term of at least one year. A standard twelve-month lease is exactly the term that unlocks that, which makes Michigan's habitability covenant the only one here that a lease can bargain away.

Minnesota: Minnesota is not a URLTA state. Chapter 504B is the state's own recodification of its landlord-tenant law and its remedies run through a single procedure, the rent escrow action, rather than through the model act's menu of self-help options. 299F.51 puts the alarm duty on the owner and backs it with a petty misdemeanour rather than a tenant remedy, so the route into Chapter 504B is the landlord's obligation to comply with health and safety codes, which carries 299F.51 in with it. The consequence shapes every cell below: a Minnesota tenant does not act alone. Even the deduction is something a judge orders, not something the tenant elects.

Mississippi: Mississippi's act announces its URLTA derivation twice, in the chapter title and in the model's tell phrase at 89-8-23(1)(a), applicable building and housing codes materially affecting health and safety. What it did not adopt is the model's remedy architecture. The landlord duty runs to two paragraphs rather than the model's six, neither names a safety device, and the second is about plumbing, heating and cooling. So a carbon monoxide alarm reaches a Mississippi landlord's statutory duty only through paragraph (a), which means only where the local jurisdiction has adopted a code that requires one; there is no statewide Mississippi alarm statute to fall back on. The chapter also has no essential services section, so the position that holds the counterclaim in nine other states in this matrix does not exist here, and no counterclaim appears anywhere else in it either. Everything a Mississippi tenant can do about a dead alarm comes from two sections, 89-8-13 and 89-8-15. Section text was read from FindLaw, which served eight sections of the chapter cleanly; the section map came from an archived September 2020 capture of the 2018 chapter index, covering 89-8-1 through 89-8-29, with 89-8-31 through 89-8-45 identified separately as eviction procedure added since.

Missouri: Missouri is not a URLTA state, and Chapter 441 is an old chapter, most of it inherited from 1939 and concerned with how a landlord recovers rent rather than with what a tenant may do about a defect. Two consequences shape this row. Missouri's one self-help remedy carries an eligibility gate no other state in the fifty-one imposes: under 441.234 the tenant must have lawfully resided on the premises for six consecutive months, have paid all rent and charges due in that period, and have received no written notice of a lease or house-rule violation that went uncured. A tenant in month five has no remedy at all. And the rent-diversion machinery Missouri does have belongs to public bodies rather than to tenants, which is why the withholding column reads the way it does. Sections were read from Wayback captures of revisor.mo.gov, which refuses connections, the newest being May 2025 for 441.570.

Montana: The Residential Landlord and Tenant Act of 1977 is a URLTA adoption, and Montana kept the model's architecture while quietly changing what two of its sections do. 70-24-407 sits where the model puts repair-and-deduct and uses the model's threshold, a reasonable cost of compliance under one month's rent, but it hands the tenant damages under 70-24-406(2) rather than a right to spend and deduct. And the slot immediately after essential services, which in eight other states in this matrix holds the counterclaim, holds fire and casualty instead: 70-24-408 is followed directly by 70-24-409. Montana therefore has neither self-help nor a pay-into-court route, and every column below runs through 70-24-406. Text read from an April 2025 capture of archive.legmt.gov carrying the Montana Code Annotated 2023, because every legmt.gov host refuses automated requests.

Nebraska: Nebraska has a carbon monoxide statute and a landlord-tenant act, and they do not meet. The Carbon Monoxide Safety Act at 76-601 to 76-607 sets duties and prohibited acts without a fine schedule or a tenant remedy, so nothing in it reaches the columns below. Those all come from the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act at 76-1401 and following, which is a URLTA adoption and behaves like one: the noncompliance section at 76-1425, essential services at 76-1427, and the counterclaim immediately after at 76-1428, exactly where the positional rule predicts. What Nebraska did not adopt is a general repair-and-deduct, so a tenant here answers a defect by terminating, suing, or waiting to be sued.

Nevada: Nevada's Residential Landlord and Tenant Act is a 1977 URLTA adoption that has been amended in almost every session since, and it is one of twelve records in the fifty-one where all five remedy columns are filled. Two features decide how a carbon monoxide alarm gets into it. 118A.290(1) opens with a codes hook before it opens its list: a dwelling unit is not habitable if it violates provisions of housing or health codes concerning the health, safety, sanitation or fitness for habitation, or if it substantially lacks any of nine listed things. Nevada has no statewide alarm mandate, so that hook is the route in, and what it hooks is whatever the city or county has adopted, such as Clark County's 2024 IRC. Paragraph (i) is a second way in, reaching other facilities and appliances maintained in good repair if supplied or required to be supplied by the landlord. Two words the chapter never uses are carbon monoxide and smoke, zero occurrences each across 120,000 characters, against 337 for landlord and 473 for tenant, which is the control on every negative below. The chapter was read in full from a 2026-08-01 Wayback capture of the Legislature's own chapter page, because leg.state.nv.us returns 403 to automated requests.

New Hampshire: New Hampshire has one of the plainest carbon monoxide statutes in the country and one of the narrowest routes from it to a tenant. RSA 153:10-a I requires the device in every multi-unit dwelling and rental unit that has an attached garage or a combustion-fuel appliance, and II-a makes the owner responsible for maintaining it in suitable condition. The words tenant and landlord then appear zero times in the whole section: enforcement belongs to the state fire marshal or a municipal authority the marshal appoints, and under VII that authority prepares a written notice of violation describing the substandard condition and setting its own time limit. The tenant is not a party to any of it. Meanwhile the remedy chapter routes through a different body of law entirely. RSA 540:13-d makes its defence available for a substantial violation of the standards of fitness in RSA 48-A or in local codes established under it, and RSA 48-A:14, the fallback list for municipalities that have adopted no housing code, is eleven closed items with no alarm among them: carbon monoxide, smoke and detector each appear zero times across the whole of RSA 48-A, against six occurrences of fire. The nearest items reach the source rather than the warning, exposed wiring creating a danger of fire at III and gas-line leaks or defective pilot lights at X. So the strength of a New Hampshire tenant's position on a dead alarm turns on whether their municipality has adopted a housing code that covers it. Chapters 540 and 48-A were read in full from Wayback captures of the Legislature's own merged chapter pages, December 2024 and January 2025 respectively, and RSA 153:10-a from an August 2023 capture; both gencourt.state.nh.us and gc.nh.gov refuse automated requests.

New Jersey: New Jersey's CO requirements sit in the Uniform Fire Safety framework and in the certificate workflow at sale or lease, and none of it creates a tenant remedy. What is distinctive here is where the remedies come from. New Jersey is one of the most judge-made rows in the fifty-one: its habitability warranty, its repair-and-deduct remedy and its termination route are all common law from Marini v. Ireland and the cases after it, with one statute alongside them for receivership. West Virginia goes further still, with every cell citing Teller v. McCoy rather than a section. The consequence for a reader is that not one cell in this row carries a day count. Every period in New Jersey is "adequate" or "reasonable", decided after the fact by a judge, where Florida and Texas would have said seven days and Illinois fourteen.

New Mexico: New Mexico's Uniform Owner-Resident Relations Act is a URLTA adoption that renamed the parties, calling them owner and resident rather than landlord and tenant, and it substituted a remedy where the model act puts repair-and-deduct. What a New Mexico resident gets instead is abatement: 47-8-27.2 lets rent be reduced rather than spent and recovered. No New Mexico statute puts a carbon monoxide duty on an owner as such, so every column comes from the act. One rule governs the whole row and has no counterpart elsewhere in this matrix: the remedies are mutually exclusive within a rental period, so a resident who abates cannot also terminate for the same breach in the same month and has to pick.

New York: New York's CO alarm mandate is code-based, through Executive Law 378(5-a) and the Uniform Code, and creates no tenant remedy at all, so every column here comes from general landlord-tenant law. That law splits by geography, as Illinois does around Chicago and Pennsylvania around Philadelphia, and it splits further than either. Real Property Law 235-b, the warranty of habitability, is statewide. The Multiple Dwelling Law, which carries the only statutory rent-withholding procedure and the only statutory cure clock, reaches multiple dwellings in cities of 400,000 or more, which in practice means New York City. A tenant in Rochester and a tenant in Brooklyn therefore do not have the same statutory toolkit, and this single row cannot show that split. Municipal codes, New York City's above all, add their own CO device rules and are not recorded here.

North Carolina: North Carolina writes its carbon monoxide duty into the landlord-tenant statute rather than into a building or fire code, which is unusual in the fifty-one and has a practical consequence: two columns come straight from the CO provision instead of from general habitability law. Two limits travel with it. N.C. Gen. Stat. 42-42(a)(7) reaches only dwelling units with a fossil-fuel burning heater, appliance or fireplace, and any unit with an attached garage, so an all-electric unit with no attached garage sits outside it. And every right in the article is enforced by civil action under 42-44(a), not by self-help, which is why the withholding column reads the way it does.

North Dakota: North Dakota is a Field Code state that later bolted a URLTA-shaped duty list onto its 1877 lease chapter, and the useful work in this row happens at the joins. 47-16-13, the repair-and-deduct, still speaks of dilapidations and has not been rewritten since the Civil Code of 1877. 47-16-13.1, added in 1977, is the modern landlord duty, and its list is open rather than closed: subdivision b requires whatever is necessary to keep the premises fit and habitable, and subdivision d reaches other facilities and appliances supplied or required to be supplied by the landlord. A carbon monoxide alarm has more than one way into that list, which is the opposite of the Arkansas and Colorado problem. Better still, North Dakota is one of the few states here whose alarm requirement is statewide and in code, at NDAC 24.1-06-01-40.3 and in the adopted residential code, where a fuel-fired appliance or an attached garage is present. That means subdivision a, comply with applicable building and housing codes materially affecting health and safety, carries the alarm into the landlord's statutory duty without waiting for a municipality to adopt anything. Chapter text was read from a January 2026 Wayback capture of the Legislative Council's own sixty-five page chapter PDF, because ndlegis.gov and legis.nd.gov both refuse connections from here.

Ohio: Ohio carbon monoxide duties sit in the Ohio Fire Code, which creates no tenant remedy of its own, so every remedy below comes from the general landlord-tenant statute at ORC 5321.07. Two obligations in ORC 5321.04 are what a dead alarm reaches: division (A)(1), comply with all applicable building, housing, health and safety codes that materially affect health and safety, and division (A)(4), maintain in good and safe working order all electrical fixtures and appliances supplied or required to be supplied by the landlord. Neither names carbon monoxide, and neither has to. Note that 5321.07(A) carves one obligation out of this route, division (A)(9) of 5321.04, and it was read to be sure: it is the duty to commence eviction proceedings against a tenant involved in drug activity, so the carve-out has nothing to do with alarms. Two exclusions do the real work here and both are absolute rather than procedural. Under 5321.07(C) the section does not apply to a landlord party to rental agreements covering three or fewer dwelling units who gives written notice of that fact, in the written agreement or, for an oral tenancy, at initial occupancy. Under 5321.07(D) it does not apply at all to a dwelling unit occupied by a student tenant. A tenant inside either exclusion has none of the five remedies below, and in Ohio both classes are large: the small-landlord exemption covers most single-house and duplex lettings, and the student exclusion covers much of the rental stock in Columbus, Athens, Oxford, Kent and Bowling Green.

Oklahoma: Oklahoma's Residential Landlord and Tenant Act is a URLTA adoption that compressed the model's remedies into a single section: 41 O.S. 121 carries termination in subsection A, repair-and-deduct in B and essential services in C. Two consequences. The whole title contains no counterclaim or pay-into-court provision at all, which the full text confirms rather than implies. And the deduction was rebuilt in 2022 and the repealed figure is still in circulation. Enrolled House Bill 3409 struck "less than One Hundred Dollars ($100.00)" from subsection B and wrote "equal to or less than one month's rent" in its place, effective 1 November 2022. This site carried the repealed figure until the enrolled bill was read on 2026-08-23, and most published guidance still carries it. Subsection D, which the earlier reading also missed, gives immediate termination on written notice where the noncompliance renders the dwelling unit uninhabitable or poses an imminent threat to the health and safety of any occupant and is not remedied as promptly as conditions require. No Oklahoma statute imposes a carbon monoxide duty on a landlord as such, so every column comes from this one section, and 41 O.S. 118 has no code-compliance paragraph for a code duty to arrive through.

Oregon: Oregon is the clean opposite of Colorado and Arkansas, and the reason is one line in an enumerated list. ORS 90.320(1)(k) makes a carbon monoxide alarm a habitability requirement wherever the dwelling unit contains a carbon monoxide source or sits in a structure that does. Colorado's uninhabitability list omits alarms and Arkansas's six standards name none, so in both states the remedies never reach a detector. In Oregon the list reaches it, and then a second provision compounds the effect: the definition of essential service at ORS 90.100 covers any habitability obligation imposed by 90.320 whose lack creates a serious threat to health, safety or property. A dead alarm in a unit with a fuel-burning appliance is therefore not merely a habitability breach but an essential-service failure, which unlocks the faster clock and the uncapped deduction below.

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania's carbon monoxide statute speaks directly to tenants, which few in the fifty-one do. The Carbon Monoxide Alarm Standards Act makes written notice of an alarm deficiency an occupant duty at 7225(c). But where North Carolina paired that same duty with a 15-day repair deadline, Pennsylvania attaches no deadline to it at all, so the notice a tenant is required to give starts no clock. The remedies come from two other places: the Rent Withholding Act, which is gated on a city or county agency certifying the dwelling unfit rather than on anything the tenant writes, and the warranty of habitability the Supreme Court adopted in Pugh v. Holmes. Pennsylvania therefore has one of the clearest splits anywhere between where the duty to speak up sits and where the power to act sits.

Rhode Island: Rhode Island's Residential Landlord and Tenant Act is a URLTA adoption that kept the model's remedies intact, which after Montana, New Mexico, Delaware and Oklahoma is worth saying rather than assuming: the repair-and-deduct at 34-18-30 really is a deduction, and the counterclaim really does sit immediately after essential services, at 34-18-32 following 34-18-31. No Rhode Island statute puts a carbon monoxide duty on a landlord as such, so every column comes from chapter 18. Its distinctive feature is an annual rather than per-repair ceiling on the deduction, which changes how a tenant should budget it across a year.

South Carolina: South Carolina's Residential Landlord and Tenant Act is a URLTA adoption and, unlike Tennessee's, it runs statewide. The act supplies every column here, since no South Carolina statute puts a carbon monoxide duty on a landlord as such. What distinguishes this row is a sentence the model act does not contain. Section 27-40-630 grants a narrow deduction for essential services and then closes the door behind it, saying that under no circumstances should the section be read to let a tenant make repairs and deduct their cost from rent. South Carolina did not leave the repair-and-deduct slot reserved the way Alabama did; it wrote the refusal down. That makes it the only state in the fifty-one to refuse repair-and-deduct in terms. Four others deny a money remedy and every one of them denies rent withholding instead: Alabama, which denies both, and North Carolina, Texas and Wyoming.

South Dakota: South Dakota is not a URLTA state, whatever the numbering of chapter 43-32 suggests. It is a Field Code lease chapter carried forward from the 1877 Civil Code, onto which a single 1976 act bolted the residential protections that matter here. That inheritance turns out to help the tenant twice. The habitability standard at 43-32-8 is general rather than enumerated, reasonable repair and fit for human habitation and in good and safe working order, so there is no closed list for a carbon monoxide alarm to fall outside of, and the parties may not waive or modify it. And 43-32-8 makes the duty additional to any covenants or conditions imposed by law or ordinance, so where a South Dakota municipality has adopted a code requiring an alarm, that requirement folds into the landlord's non-waivable duty instead of standing apart from it. This matters because the state itself imposes no residential alarm mandate; ARSD 67:42 reaches licensed foster homes and day care settings, not tenancies. Text was read from the sdlegislature.gov API, which serves a whole chapter as one document while the public website returns a JavaScript shell of identical size for every URL.

Tennessee: Read this row as the law of seventeen counties rather than the law of Tennessee. The Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act is a URLTA adoption, but 66-28-102 applies it only in counties with a population of more than 75,000 according to the 2010 federal census: Anderson, Blount, Bradley, Davidson, Hamilton, Knox, Madison, Maury, Montgomery, Rutherford, Sevier, Shelby, Sullivan, Sumner, Washington, Williamson and Wilson. The census year is fixed in the statute, so the list does not move when a county grows. Putnam passed 75,000 in the 2020 count and is still outside the act. Tennessee is the only state in the fifty-one whose landlord-tenant act switches on by county population; Kentucky is the only other partial act and it turns instead on whether a city or county chose to adopt it, which no statute records. A tenant in any other Tennessee county falls back on Title 66 Chapter 7 and the lease, and none of the five values below reaches them. The same section preempts the field where the act does apply, so a covered county cannot add to it either. This is the local-option pattern the playbook warns about, and Tennessee is its clearest case in the fifty-one.

Texas: Texas has no statewide CO alarm mandate for ordinary rentals, and Chapter 92's own device subchapter covers smoke alarms rather than CO, so a carbon monoxide problem reaches this framework only through 92.052, the duty to repair a condition that materially affects the physical health or safety of an ordinary tenant, plus whatever code the city has adopted. One condition governs the whole row and is easy to miss: under 92.056(b) every remedy below requires that the tenant was not delinquent in rent when notice was given. Read together with the withholding column, that makes Texas a pay-to-play state. A tenant who stops paying to force a repair loses the remedies and acquires a penalty.

Utah: Utah's Fit Premises Act and Wyoming's Residential Rental Property article are visibly the same drafting. Both end the owner's duty list with other appliances and facilities as specifically contracted in the rental agreement, both put conditions that do not materially affect the physical health or safety of the ordinary renter outside the act, both let the duties be moved to another party by explicit written agreement, and both bar claims for mental suffering. They then diverge completely at the remedy, and Utah is the state that built one. Two differences decide this row. 57-22-3(1) makes the owner maintain the unit in accordance with local ordinances and the rules of the board of health, so Utah's statewide code adoption under Title 15A, which amends IFC 1103.9 to require carbon monoxide detection in specified existing Group R occupancies, reaches the owner's statutory duty; Wyoming has no subdivision for a code to enter through at all. And 57-22-6(1)(g) then defines a standard of habitability by naming which duties count, 57-22-3(1) and 57-22-4(1)(a) and (b)(i) to (iii), pointedly leaving out (b)(iv). A code-required alarm is therefore a habitability standard and a lease-promised one is not, and the two run on different clocks. The act itself never says carbon monoxide: the words appear zero times in the whole of chapter 22, against 79 occurrences of owner and 107 of renter. Text was read from the Legislature's own chapter PDF as captured in May 2025, carrying 57-22-6 as amended in 2023; the section was amended again by chapter 445 of the 2026 session, and the corrective periods and the two months' rent cap recorded below are unchanged in the currently published text. le.utah.gov refuses connections and renders its statute pages with JavaScript, so the archived chapter PDF was the only primary route. Re-probed 2026-08-22 on two paths, the section page and the 2026 bill text, and both timed out at the connection, so chapter 445 is still unread. The three figures were corroborated the same day from a second independent source: codes.findlaw.com carries 57-22-6 with the three-day and ten-day corrective periods and the two months' rent cap, and is itself current only to 1 January 2025. Two sources now agree on the numbers and neither has read the amending act, which is the honest position rather than a resolved one.

Vermont: Vermont is not a URLTA adoption; its residential rental provisions at 9 V.S.A. chapter 137 are their own scheme, and they give a tenant more direct power than most of the acts that are. Vermont is one of the few states in this matrix where the statute says a tenant may withhold rent, in those words, rather than routing the money into a court or a receiver or leaving it to a counterclaim. The carbon monoxide duty sits elsewhere, in 9 V.S.A. 2882 and 2883 and 20 V.S.A. chapter 173, and creates no remedy of its own, so every column comes from chapter 137. One feature shapes the whole row: under 4458 the notice that starts the clock need not come from the tenant at all.

Virginia: The VRLTA derives from the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act and keeps its remedy architecture, so the general columns below sit where a URLTA reader expects them. What Virginia adds is unusual and changes how this row should be read: 55.1-1229(E) lets a tenant ask for a carbon monoxide alarm that does not exist yet, rather than only complaining about one that is broken. Two clocks follow from that and they point opposite ways. Installation on request runs 90 days, the longest landlord window in the fifty-one, while a landlord-installed alarm that stops working is an ordinary breach carrying 21 days under 55.1-1234 and 14 days under 55.1-1244.1. A Virginia tenant with no alarm therefore waits longer than one with a broken alarm, and the landlord may bill for the installation either way.

Washington: The Residential Landlord-Tenant Act is not a URLTA adoption. It does not call itself uniform, its sections run on Washington's own numbering rather than the model act's article-and-sequence scheme, and its habitability trigger reads "substantially endangers or impairs the health or safety" instead of URLTA's "materially affecting health and safety". RCW 19.27.530 puts the carbon monoxide duty on the landlord at move-in and hands maintenance, batteries included, to the tenant, and it creates no remedy, so every column comes from Chapter 59.18. One condition governs the whole row: under RCW 59.18.080 the tenant must be current in rent, including any utilities the lease assigns them, before exercising any remedy in the chapter. Washington is therefore a pay-to-play state in the same sense as Texas, and a tenant who stops paying to force a repair loses the toolkit.

West Virginia: Two things make this row unusual and they pull in opposite directions. West Virginia's alarm statute at 29-3-16a is written for smoke detectors, and 15A-10-12 requires a landlord who works on a fuel-burning appliance or venting system to warn the tenant about carbon monoxide and recommend a detector rather than to install one. So the state's carbon monoxide provisions impose information duties and never reach the remedy chapter, which is the fourth trap in the same shape Idaho and the District set. And West Virginia is not a URLTA state: 37-6-30 supplies the landlord's statutory duty to deliver and maintain a fit and habitable dwelling, but every remedy below comes from Teller v. McCoy, where the Supreme Court of Appeals treated the lease as a contract and made the covenant to pay rent dependent on that warranty. This is the most thoroughly judge-made row in the fifty-one, the only one where every cell cites a decision rather than a section. New Jersey comes closest, with three of its routes from Marini v. Ireland and a statute alongside them for receivership.

Wisconsin: Wisconsin is not a URLTA state; Chapter 704 is its own landlord-tenant law and the carbon monoxide duty sits outside it, in two freestanding sections of the safety and professional services chapter. Which one reaches a given rental turns on a definition worth checking. Wis. Stat. 101.647 governs a dwelling. Wis. Stat. 101.149 governs a residential building, and 101.149(1)(b) defines that as a tourist rooming house, a bed and breakfast establishment or any public building used for sleeping or lodging, while 101.01(12) defines a public building to include any structure used by the public "or by 3 or more tenants". A three-unit building is therefore inside both. On the number that decides the two cells below the two sections agree: 101.647(3)(b) and 101.149(3)(b) each run five days from the occupant's own written notice, and 101.149(3)(am) attaches the same five days to an inspector's. There is no path on which a Wisconsin tenant's written notice starts nothing.

Wyoming: Wyoming's Residential Rental Property article gives the thinnest tenant position found in this matrix so far, and three features of it combine to produce that. The owner's duties at 1-21-1203(a) are a closed list of four, and the fourth reaches other appliances and facilities only as specifically contracted in the rental agreement. The list contains no duty to comply with building and housing codes at all, which is the crucial difference from Mississippi, North Dakota and South Dakota: a Wyoming municipality that adopts a carbon monoxide requirement does not thereby put one into any landlord's statutory duty, because there is no subdivision for it to enter through. And 1-21-1202(d) allows any duty or obligation in the article to be assigned to a different party or modified by explicit written agreement signed by the parties, so the whole article is waivable in a lease, where South Dakota's equivalent duty says the opposite in terms. That leaves a carbon monoxide alarm one route in, 1-21-1203(a)(i), the requirement not to rent the unit unless it is reasonably safe, sanitary and fit for human occupancy, filtered through 1-21-1202(c), which puts conditions that do not materially affect the physical health or safety of the ordinary renter outside the article entirely. Text was read from a May 2026 Wayback capture of the Legislature's own Title 1 compilation, because wyoleg.gov refuses connections here.